The below content from wikipedia.

1,What is mooring?
As an ancient word, “mooring” (probably stemming from the Dutch verb meren (to moor) used in English since the end of the 15th century) has accumulated a number of related uses.
When used as noun, the word “mooring” refers to any permanent structure to which a vessel may be secured. Examples of a mooring include a quay, a wharf, a jetty, a pier, an anchor buoy, and a mooring buoy. A ship is secured to a mooring to forestall free movement of the ship on the water. An anchor mooring fixes a vessel's position relative to a point on the bottom of a waterway without connecting the vessel to shore.
When used as a verb, “mooring” refers to attaching a vessel to a mooring by any means.

2,What is a rope?

A rope is a length of fibres, twisted or braided together to improve strength for pulling and connecting. It has tensile strength but is too flexible to provide compressive strength (i.e. it can be used for pulling, but not pushing). Rope is thicker and stronger than similarly constructed cord, line, string, and twine.

3,How many material does a rope have?
Common materials for rope include natural fibres such as manila hemp, hemp, linen, cotton, coir, jute, straw, and sisal.
Synthetic fibres in use for rope-making include polypropylene, nylon, polyesters (e.g. PET, LCP, HDPE, Vectran), polyethylene (e.g. Dyneema and Spectra), Aramids (e.g. Twaron, Technora and Kevlar) and acrylics (e.g. Dralon). Some ropes are constructed of mixtures of several fibres or use co-polymer fibres. Rope can also be made out of metal. Ropes have been constructed of other fibrous materials such as silk, wool, and hair, but such ropes are not generally available. Rayon is a regenerated fibre used to make decorative rope.

4,Style of rope construction

Laid or twisted rope

Laid rope, also called twisted rope, is historically the prevalent form of rope, at least in modern western history. Common twisted rope generally consists of three strands and is normally right-laid, or given a final right-handed twist. The ISO 2 standard uses the uppercase letters S and Z to indicate the two possible directions of twist, as suggested by the direction of slant of the central portions of these two letters. The handedness of the twist is the direction of the twists as they progress away from an observer. Thus Z-twist rope is said to be right-handed, and S-twist to be left-handed.
Twisted ropes are built up in three steps. First, fibres are gathered and spun into yarns. A number of these yarns are then formed into strands by twisting. The strands are then twisted together to lay the rope. The twist of the yarn is opposite to that of the strand, and that in turn is opposite to that of the rope. It is this counter-twist, introduced with each successive operation, which holds the final rope together as a stable, unified object.[6]
Traditionally, a three strand laid rope is called a plain- or hawser-laid, a four strand rope is called shroud-laid, and a larger rope formed by counter-twisting three or more multi-strand ropes together is called cable-laid.[7]
One property of laid rope is partial untwisting when used. This can cause spinning of suspended loads, or stretching, kinking, or hockling of the rope itself. An additional drawback of twisted construction is that every fibre is exposed to abrasion numerous times along the length of the rope. This means that the rope can degrade to numerous inch-long fibre fragments, which is not easily detected visually.[citation needed]
Twisted ropes have a preferred direction for coiling. Normal right-laid rope should be coiled with the sun, or clockwise, to prevent kinking. Coiling this way imparts a twist to the rope. Rope of this type must be bound at its ends by some means to prevent untwisting.

Braided rope

Braided ropes are generally made from nylon, polyester, polypropylene or high performance fibers such as Dyneema, Technora or Vectran. Nylon is chosen for its strength and elastic stretch properties. However, nylon absorbs water and is 10-15% weaker when wet. Polyester is about 90% as strong as nylon but stretches less under load and is not affected by water. It has somewhat better UV resistance, and is more abrasion resistant. Polypropylene is preferred for low cost and light weight (it floats on water) but it has limited resistance to ultraviolet light, is susceptible to friction and has a poor heat resistance.[8][9][10][11]
Braided ropes (and objects like garden hoses, fibre optic or coaxial cables, etc.) that have no lay, or inherent twist, will uncoil better if coiled into figure-8 coils, where the twist reverses regularly and essentially cancels out.

Single braid consists of an even number of strands, eight or twelve being typical, braided into a circular pattern with half of the strands going clockwise and the other half going anticlockwise. The strands can interlock with either twill or plain weave. The central void may be large or small; in the former case the term hollow braid is sometimes preferred.

Double braid, also called braid on braid, consists of an inner braid filling the central void in an outer braid, that may be of the same or different material. Often the inner braid fibre is chosen for strength while the outer braid fibre is chosen for abrasion resistance.

In solid braid the strands all travel the same direction, clockwise or anticlockwise, and alternate between forming the outside of the rope and the interior of the rope. This construction is popular for general purpose utility rope but rare in specialized high performance line.

Kernmantle rope has a core (kern) of long twisted fibres in the center, with a braided outer sheath or mantle of woven fibres. The kern provides most of the strength (about 70%), while the mantle protects the kern and determines the handling properties of the rope (how easy it is to hold, to tie knots in, and so on). In dynamic climbing line, the core fibres are usually twisted, and chopped into shorter lengths which makes the rope more stretchy. Static kernmantle ropes are made with untwisted core fibres and tighter braid, which causes them to be stiffer in addition to limiting the stretch.

Other types

Plaited rope is made by braiding twisted strands, and is also called square braid. It is not as round as twisted rope and coarser to the touch. It is less prone to kinking than twisted rope and, depending on the material, very flexible and therefore easy to handle and knot. This construction exposes all fibres as well, with the same drawbacks as described above. Brait rope is a combination of braided and plaited, a non-rotating alternative to laid three-strand ropes. Due to its excellent energy-absorption characteristics, it is often used by arborists. It is also a popular rope for anchoring and can be used as mooring warps. This type of construction was pioneered by Yale Cordage.

Endless winding rope is made by winding single strands of high-performance yarns around two end terminations until the desired break strength or stiffness has been reached. This type of rope (often specified as cable to make the difference between a braided or twined construction) has the advantage of having no construction stretch as is the case with above constructions. Endless winding is pioneered by SmartRigging and FibreMax.

Mr Bill Jia
IJIN MARINE LIMITED
Rope/chain supplier, general repair, boiler repair, underwater service, etc
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The below is for your reference from internet but we can produce same.
Gael Force Astra Line
A highly technical high specification rope. Astraline yarns are produced with a polymer core and high grade polyester cover. This composite yarn has been proven to give excellent performance in resisting abrasion. Its low friction leads to a decreased heat development inside the rope giving a higher safety factor and a longer rope life. Wet breaking strength is 20% higher than nylon, it doesn’t absorb water and because of its low snap back, it is ideal for longstanding cyclic loadings. Astraline is an outstanding top of the range mooring rope and is OCIMF certified for offshore use.
Manufactured in 8 strand (4 x 2) platted construction.
Typical Applications: Ferry operations, tug companies, oil supply vessels, tankers, mooring installations and cruise liners.
Size: 40mm - 96mm
Gael Force Corona Line
A composite rope consisting of one or more torque balanced 8 strand platted ropes in the core, with a circular braided jacket. All of the fibres are produced in specially treated polyester yarns which reduce yarn to yarn abrasion. This combination leads to reduced heat build-up under repeated loading conditions. Corona Line has a breaking strength which is equal in wet and dry conditions.
Manufactured in multiple 8 strand (4 x 2) platted ropes with a braided jacket.
Typical Applications: Deep sea mooring lines.
Size: 48mm - 80mm
Polypropylene Rope
Industry standard mooring rope, and Gael Force’s base product, this rope offers all-round reliability and good breaking strain at economical prices. Supplied spliced with covered eyes.
Manufactured in 8 strand (4 x 2) platted construction.
Typical Applications: Ferry operations, tug companies, oil supply vessels, tankers, mooring installations.
Size: 32mm - 96mm
Seaspun Mooring Rope
A modern synthetic rope made in a similar way and offering many of the characteristics of natural fibre ropes. This is one of the best performing mooring ropes from the point of view of abrasion, behaving very well when used on capstans and winches. Often favoured because of its excellent handling qualities due to its hairy finish.
Manufactured in 8 strand (4x2) platted construction.
Typical Applications: Ferry operations, tug companies, oil supply vessels, tankers, mooring installations and cruise liners.
Size: 40mm - 80mm
Seasteel Mooring Rope
Offering much higher breaking strain capability – roughly 40% - than polypropylene equivalents, and giving high abrasion resistance, Seasteel Mooring Ropes turn in a performance comparable with nylon products – at a third of the price.
As well as the standard range of sizes, Gael Force will manufacture these ropes to individual customer specifications in the largest sizes for specialist applications.
Manufactured in 8 strand (4 x 2) platted construction.
Typical Applications: Ferry operations, tug companies, oil supply vessels, tankers, mooring installations.
Size: 28mm - 80mm
Gael Force Libra Line
A double braided nylon rope consisting of a braided sheath over a braided core. Produced on computer controlled, state of the art production equipment, guaranteeing second to none quality and thus safety in mooring systems. For Single Point Moorings, fitting of floats and polyurethane coating of ropes will be carried out in our specialised rigging shop.
We are OCIMF certified for offshore use and also carries Bureau Veritas Certification of Type Approval.
Typical Applications: Tension winch mooring ropes, single point mooring (SPM) ropes, deep sea towing ropes, snotter ropes.
Size: 80mm - 120mm
Nylon Multiplatt Mooring Rope
A highly technical high specification rope. Astraline yarns are produced with a polymer core and high grade polyester cover. This composite yarn has been proven to give excellent performance in resisting abrasion. Its low friction leads to a decreased heat development inside the rope giving a higher safety factor and a longer rope life. Wet breaking strength is 20% higher than nylon, it doesn’t absorb water and because of its low snap back, it is ideal for longstanding cyclic loadings. Astraline is an outstanding top of the range mooring rope and is OCIMF certified for offshore use.
Manufactured in 8 strand (4 x 2) platted construction.
Typical Applications: Ferry operations, tug companies, oil supply vessels, tankers, mooring installations and cruise liners.
Size: 44mm - 80mm
Gael Force Orion Line
A high specification rope produced from a composition of Polyver fibre core yarns covered with high grade polyester. The polyester cover gives increased abrasion resistance and breaking strength while the Polyver core gives the rope a specific gravity of 0.98 allowing the rope to float. The high breaking strengths and good abrasion resistance make this rope ideal for moorings and is less expensive than many other high specification ropes.
Typical Applications: Mooring Lines, Towing Lines, Fish Farming, Messenger Lines, Pick-up Lines.
Size: 40mm - 64mm
Gael Force Seamaster Rope
Made from specially extruded polysteel fibres and manufactured to very tight tolerances, to a specification designed to resist the very high repetition of cyclic loads experienced in a fixed mooring installation. Seamaster gives very high break loads and is the optimum specification fish farm mooring rope. Every coil is tested and supplied with a test certificate.
Size: 32mm - 48mm
8 STRAND PLAITED ROPES
The 8 strand constructions are plaited ropes made so in order to eliminate the tendency twisted ropes have to rotate under weight / load.
They are produced on machines containing 8 (eight) reels in groups of two "twills", revolving around each other in pairs to form the 8 strand plaited construction.
The 8 strand rope developed after the World War II is still used even today in a broad range of applications. Depending on the use and on the experience of the user a lot of man made material and even combinations of them are used in this construction.
The materials normally used and care taken during manufacturing is the same as the 3 – strand ropes and as far as WLL is concerned it is the same for the same diameter ropes.
8 STRAND MIXED MATERIAL ROPES
Our company has been producing mixed fiber ropes for more than 35 years now.
In recent years OCIMF has issued guidelines regarding the performance of materials in relation to several applications. Our constructions of mixed materials meet in full the OCIMF guidelines through a process that was well known to us.
The fibers used, high density olefin and polyester the later placed mostly on the ropes surface in such a formation so that the best qualities of each material involved are taken to advantage.
The most common rope constructions are the ones mentioned below.
Float 8: 25% polyester and 75% high density olefin per weight costruction is used with the polyester covering 100% of the rope's surface, yet costructing a floating rope.
Flex 8: 40% polyester and 60% high density olefin fiber per weight construction is used. The ropes surface is totally covered by - thick polyester jacket ensuring increased abrasion and temperature resistance (Non floating).
Strong 8: 50% polyester and 50% high density olefin fibers per weight construction. This rope having all the qualities of the Flex construction is really made to prove its name.
Oceanic 8: The latest development of our industry in the mixed material 8 strand ropes with 30% of the surface fibers being polyester and 70% high density olefins. A combination that guarantees floatability and high braeking loads.
DOUBLE BRAIDED MULTI STRAND ROPES
The particular field (double braided multi strand ropes) is a combination of one or two fibers constructed as two concentric elements, both braided.
The first one – called core – is a multi strand braided rope of itself.
Then, over it, a second multi strand braided rope – called jacketed – is woven.
The two ropes perform as a single intergraded extremely strong member and the outer layer shields the rope entirely from abrasion.
In this combination both elements, core and jacket, must be almost equal to each other on weight, about 50%. The aberration can only limit to a 45%-55% analogy in any case.
In this construction care has been taken so that no strand interchange will exist in core or jacket through its entire length.
The linear density corresponds to the net mass per length of the rope expressed in grams/meter on kilograms/thousand meters. The linear density is measured under tension as specified in EN 2307.
There are other material combinations that can be manufactured such as polypropylene + polyester or Oceanic, Nylon, etc, but apart from what is shown in the table of the next page, any other raw material combination is manufactured upon any customer's demand.

TWISTED ROPES 3 & 4 STRANDS
Twisted ropes come from a long way back and until resent years, the only thing that has been evoluted was the material used, that changed from natural fibers to man – made ones. This change of fiber gave the construction higher strength and longer life.
Today, twisted ropes are preferred for most simple applications because of their flexibility, knots made, splicing and easy handling in small diameters.
The 4 - strand ropes have a slightly firmer lay that the 3 - strand ones, since they are round ropes with more outside surface, more traction on sheaves and objects.
Our company produces twisted ropes with the following materials:
NYLON
• High tenacity yarns • High elongation characteristics • High stretch – high strength fibers
• UV resistant o Sinkable ropes
POLYESTER
• Excellent Fatigue life • Increased service life • Low stretch – high strength fibers
• Excellent weather & abrasion resistance • Sinkable ropes
OCEANIC
• Flat filaments, a mixture of polypropylene – polyethylene co-extruded • One of the strongest floating ropes • Reduced friction internal and external o Increased flexibility
• Easy handling • UV resistant
POLYPROPYLENE
• They can be of split film or monofilaments twines • Light weight o Waterproof • Low stretching at work load • Abrasion resistant • All strands of the rope can be double twisted
• Floating ropes
SIZAL & MANILA
• Made of high quality natural fibers • Hygroscopic • Friendly for environment
• Excellent weather & abrasion resistance
1. Materials: All the above mentioned materials form yarns that in turn are twisted into strands and are made exclusively of pure raw materials.
2. Diameter: The size of all ropes must always be considered as approximately for obvious reasons and is actually determined by linear density.
3. Linear density: Is considered standard and in the metric system measured in Kilotex (ktex) that is grams/meter or kilograms/1000 meters length.
All ropes have an extra U.V. protection additives, are made of high quality materials and are properly tested and certified.
Twisted ropes have different applications such as in agriculture, transport, gardening, household, decoration, sports, shipping, fishing etc. It is up to the user to choose the right rope suited for the application it is intended for.
IJIN MARINE LIMITED
Trader/Supplier:Ropes,chains,rubbers,stores,provision,spare part,etc
Broker: Repairing,chartering,sale and purchase,crewing,bunker,etc
Tel: +86-21-51699732
Web: www.ijinmarine.net
Mobile: +86-15026636864(24hours)
E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. or This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Add: 2-603,Lane 138,Rushan Road,Shanghai,200120,China

QQ: 66895009
Skype: bill.jia
Twitter:@ijinmarine
Msn: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Register No: 1626036
Shipserv TradeNet:201579
Certificate/VAT No: 58610100-000-07-11-4