Wave-Making Resistance: belongs to the category of normal dynamic pressures. Due to these dynamic pressures waves are generated on the surface of water and spread away from a ship. Waves possess energy. Thus a ship making waves means a loss of its energy. Wave-making resistance is important to surface ships, especially those of high speeds, but may be negligible to submarines.

Frictional Resistance: arising due to the viscosity of water, i.e. tangential stresses. Because of viscosity & velocity gradient in the direction normal to the ship hull, there is a mass of fluid being dragged along with a ship. Energy necessary to drag the mass of fluid is the work done by the ship against the frictional resistance.

Eddy-making Resistance: contributed from normal pressure applied on a hull. Due to the viscosity of the fluid, the flow separates from the surface of a hull and eddies (vortices) are formed. These eddies induce the changes in the velocity field and thus change the normal pressures on a hull. The changes in the pressure field around a ship result in the eddy-making resistance.

Air resistance (mainly resulting from wind resistance).

Appendage resistances: are caused by the appendages of a ship, such as propellers, rudders and bilge keels.

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